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How Taliban Stormed Across Afghanistan, Smashing NATO-Trained Army in Ten Days_我的网站

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A | The August 15, 2021 fall of Kabul shocked the world, signaling the collapse of the West’s 20-year-long, multi-trillion-dollar nation-building experiment in Afghanistan in a single day.,Less than two weeks before the cataclysm, US and Afghan officials issued statement after statement expressing confidence in the Afghan military’s ability to fight on without American support on the ground.,“[The Afghan Army has] got greater numbers, they’ve got an air force, and, oh by the way, their air force is also flying…This is not an incompetent air force – they know how to fight from the air and they are. They have modern weaponry. They have military organizational ability as well as 20 years of training in the field by – not just the United States but our NATO and Allied partners. So they have a lot of advantages. It’s really just now about using those advantages,” Pentagon spokesman John Kirby told reporters in Washington on August 11, less than 100 hours before Kabul’s collapse.,In the chaotic few days that followed, Afghan Air Force personnel wound up flying nearly 50 helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft out of the country to neighboring Uzbekistan.,What happened? How did the US and NATO’s orderly withdrawal – which began in May 2021 amid fears that the Taliban would attack Western forces if they didn’t stick to the terms of the 2020 Trump-Taliban Doha peace deal, turn into such a humiliating and disorganized rout?,Paper Tiger vs Shoeless Army,On paper, the Afghan government and army seemed prepared for a years-long slog, similar to the one put up by the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which managed to hold out against the Mujahedeen independently between 1989 and early 1992, even as the jihadists received billions in arms and cash from the CIA, Saudi and Egyptian intelligence, Pakistan and China. By comparison, the NATO-backed Afghan Army had serious problems with foreign support for the Taliban, with the insurgent group’s only major foreign backer consisting of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence.,The Afghan military boasted a total size of some 300,000 personnel – the 16th largest army in the world, along with an impressive array of $85 billion in US-gifted weaponry, including tens of millions of guns, grenades and rocket launchers, 8,500 Humvees, hundreds of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, tanks, mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles, and thousands of heavy and light trucks.,The Air Force’s inventory included more than two hundred Russian and US-made attack and utility helicopters, dozens of transport planes, and close to 30 Cessna 208 and A-29 Super Tucano ground attack and COIN jets.,US 'Lost Track' of Afghan War Aims, Says Retired Marine General12 August, 17:00 GMT,Facing off against them were the Taliban: a rag-tag group of militants whose core fighting force was estimated to consist of about 60,000 fighters, some of them shoeless, no air force, and limited mobility due to their adversary’s total air superiority and control of fuel.,Behind the scenes, a sprinkling of media reports and testimonies from Afghan soldiers and officials told a sobering story previewing the coming disaster, discussing the widespread disillusionment, demoralization and corruption centered around military and police structures based more on patronage, personal power and enrichment than competence and aptitude.,“There is no motivation for the army to fight for the corrupt government and corrupt politicians here,” Ahmad Wali Massoud, Afghanistan’s former envoy to the UK, told the Wall Street Journal on August 10, a few days before Kabul’s collapse.,“They are not fighting for [then-Afghan President Ashraf] Ghani. They haven’t even been fed properly. Why should they fight? For what? They are better off with the Taliban, which is why they are switching sides like that,” Massoud explained.,US Military Vehicles Falling Into Taliban Hands at Alarming Rate, Report Finds3 July 2021, 15:14 GMT,Ghani himself would end up fleeing the country as Kabul fell, with his entourage reportedly carrying so much money in suitcases from the state coffers that he had to leave some of it behind. Ghani has categorically dismissed these reports and denied allegations besmirching his good name.,John Sopko, the US inspector general for Afghanistan, warned Congress in March 2021 about the state of the Afghan’s military’s demoralization, admitting that “endemic corruption” was a threat, and that it was “fueling” the insurgency and giving the Taliban the means to gain public support.,Another problem, according to a May 2021 report by the Associated Press, was lack of professionalism. Attiqullah Amarkhiel, a former Afghan Army major general, told the news agency that while the Moscow-allied Afghan Army of 1989 consisted of about 150,000 high school educated troops. By contrast, he said, the NATO-trained crack troops of the Western-backed Afghan government had just six-to-eight weeks of basic training, with most recruits uneducated and/or allied to warlords.,“Then we had quality. Today we have quantity,” Amarkhiel said.,Blitzkrieg,This demoralization and corruption, combined with what The Intelligencer characterized as an institutionally built-in deep overdependence on US coalition support, culminated in the events of early-mid-August 2021.,By mid-July of that year, the Taliban was able to take advantage of coalition forces’ withdrawal by establishing control over large swathes of the Afghan countryside. However, no major cities and none of the country’s 34 provincial capitals were under the group’s control at the time. Throughout its two-decade insurgency campaign, the Taliban only launched one major strategic offensive against a government-controlled city – striking Kandahar in May 2011 before retreating back into the countryside.,Fast forward a decade, and the militant group would finally cast off their inhibitions about offensives cities.,On August 6, the militants captured Zaranj, capital of the southern province of Nimruz near the border with Iran, in a lightning attack, with government forces putting up light resistance and local bureaucrats fleeing the city.,A day later, the militants captured Sheberghan, capital of Jawzjan province, after heavy fighting. On August 8, Sar-e-Pul, Kunduz and Taluqan, three provincial capitals in the north of the country, fell, followed by Aybak in the northern Samangan province on August 9.,August 10 witnessed the collapse of Farah in the west and Pul-e-Khumri in Afghanistan’s center. A day later, Faizabad, capital of the northeastern province of Badakhshan also fell.,Animation showing Taliban's inexorable march towards Kabul. “The problem with the army was not lack of training or weapons. The most important thing in war is politics”Read @AmyKazmin @KatrinaManson and @b_parkyn's story on why the Afghan army foldedhttps://t.co/bjjJdPp15J pic.twitter.com/Ll6JrHQWLH— Steven Bernard (@sdbernard) August 15, 2021,August 12-13 would become the darkest days for the Afghan army and government up to that point, with the cities of Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, Lashkar Gah, Qala-e-Naw, Feruz Koh, Pul-e-Alam, Terenkot and Qalat falling to the Taliban in the space of 48 hours. On August 14, the strategic northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif fell.,Finally, on August 15, 2021, Kabul and the eastern city of Jalalabad collapsed – falling, awkwardly, while tens of thousands of coalition troops, contractors, diplomats, Afghan puppet administration assistance and Western intelligence agents were still in the country.,© AP Photo / Rahmat GulA U.S. Chinook helicopter flies over the city of Kabul, Afghanistan, Sunday, Aug. 15, 2021. Taliban fighters entered the outskirts of the Afghan capital on Sunday, further tightening their grip on the country as panicked workers fled government offices and helicopters landed at the U.S. Embassy.A U.S. Chinook helicopter flies over the city of Kabul, Afghanistan, Sunday, Aug. 15, 2021. Taliban fighters entered the outskirts of the Afghan capital on Sunday, further tightening their grip on the country as panicked workers fled government offices and helicopters landed at the U.S. Embassy.© AP Photo / Rahmat Gul,In a post-op analysis of the events, General Yasin Zia, the former chief of staff of the Afghan army, estimated that some 4,000 security forces troops were killed, and 1,000 more gone missing, in the deadly weeks between July 1 and August 15, 2021 – with that figure representing about one half of the average of 8,000 Afghan security personnel killed each year over the previous five years.,Zia estimated that in total, some 92,000 members of the Afghan security forces died in the line of duty since 2001. Up to 100,000 Afghan civilians, tens of thousands of Taliban fighters, over 3,500 US and coalition troops, and 4,000+ Western mercenaries also perished.,* An organization under UN sanctions for terrorist activities.。智元已经与国产算力企业合作了。在近期举办的世界人工智能大会上，这家头部人形机器人企业的高级副总裁王闯对第一财经记者透露上述消息。这不是孤例。

B | 它石智航等企业也在将国产算力嵌入机器人。中国机器人企业起步的时候，通常采用英伟达芯片。现在机器人正走进关键性的量产阶段，情况发生一些变化，国产芯片也获得了机会。试装中国芯王闯对记者表示，智元在与不止一家国产算力企业推进初步合作。智元是一家上海的机器人公司，成立于2023年，发展迅猛。按照IDC统计的全球人形机器人出货量，它与宇科技树排在前列。今年6月初，智元机器人第1.5万台通用具身机器人量产下线。

C | 2025年5月融资后，第三方调研机构对智元的估值达150亿元。此后的2025年8月，智元再次宣布获得LG电子、韩国未来资产集团的投资。最近一年，智元未再对外披露公司估值，不过也早已经跨过独角兽的10亿美元估值门槛。

D | 王闯未透露具体的国产芯片合作企业名字。他表示，智元也将一些国产芯片用于机器人的小脑控制，此外还包括关节的MCU（微控制单元）芯片，还有一些则是通讯芯片。

E | 临界点是智元旗下子公司，它专门开发灵巧手，后者是机器人的核心部件。综合考虑性能和价格后，临界点的灵巧手选择了国产MCU。据临界点CTO熊坤对第一财经记者透露，这种小型器件是放置在灵巧手手掌，做灵巧手动作的解算以及传感器信息处理。

F | 目前临界点采用的是通用MCU（即可以从汽车等领域平移使用），一些定制要求也在同步进行中。它石智航也在推进和国产算力的合作。它石智航在世界人工智能大会期间，也带来了自己机器人。该公司今年4月完成4.55亿美元的融资，去年二季度则完成2.42亿美金融资。两轮融资合计就接近7亿美元了。它石智航的全新一代A3机器人准备搭载一款国产芯片。A3是一款轮式双臂机器人，面向工业、汽车等量产场景。它即将使用的是算力560 TOPS的端侧芯片，兼顾大模型推理性能与机器人实时控制需求。 “我们的核心诉求，第一是需要算力更强的端侧平台，第二是需要有工程经验、能配合联调的团队。”它石智航联合创始人陈同庆表示。

G | 曾经的独角兽，目前已经上市的优必选和国产算力企业沐曦股份成立了一家合资公司。优必选方面称，成立合资公司是为研发和量产具身智能芯片，打通终端场景与国产算力的壁垒。 “天下苦秦久矣。大家用的国外这些芯片，在机器人端侧，很多东西太贵了。基本上占到BOM成本的三分之一。”优必选董事长周剑表示。沐曦股份高级副总裁孙国梁对第一财经记者表示，公司显然也看见了具身智能即将爆发的趋势。 “沐曦没有直接去做具身的芯片，而是以合资公司的形式来开展，原因在端侧场景非常多，端侧产品形态也非常多，这带来额外的人力需求。”孙国梁表示，所以沐曦选择跟优必选合作，来覆盖机器人这样的场景。在光合组织2026智能计算应用大会上，海光信息展示了“云边端”完整算力体系。其中，搭载海光C86-4G的智能巡检机器人，可以在机房内自主导航、全天候移动巡检，设备异常自动报警。光合组织嵌入式专家张考华认为，2026年可能是端侧元年。随着AI模型的小型化和算法优化，算力正在从云端向终端下沉，在应用场景全面铺开。机器人需要一张算力网机器人未来很可能成为流量中心。 “具身智能体的任务空间是整个数字世界加上物理世界。

H | 每一个机器人只要是在真实的环境里面运行，每时每刻都需要感知、推理、决策，然后控制，背后就是持续不断地Token流动。

I | ”智元总裁彭志辉认为：“未来的机器人既是执行器，也是流量入口，还是模型与物理世界连接的端口。” 这意味着机器人需要的不只是一颗芯片，更离不开一张算力网络。移动互联的算力网络，是由中国联通等大型运营商、云天畅想等重要边缘计算服务商、以及重要芯片企业构建起来的。这张“云边端”一体网络也可承接机器人的需求。

J | 云天畅想联合创始人徐公美向第一财经记者打了一个比方。

K | 云边端网络里，云端计算可看作是炼油厂，边缘侧计算可看作是加油站，终端则是一台台汽车。现在人工智能时代，新型终端如机器人、智能眼镜都加入进来了，相应的算力部署也要加密。

L | 据徐公美观察，这张算力网络已经在进行国产化“刷新”，中国本土的芯片开始深度嵌入。在世界人工智能大会期间，商汤大装置联合寒武纪、沐曦股份、中科海光、华为昇腾、摩尔线程等头部生态企业发起“银河计划”，准备与生态伙伴共同建设1个Token运营中心，5个万卡级国产智算集群。商汤大装置对外提供弹性算力服务，它的平台日均Token服务量已达2.42万亿，预计今年第四季度将实现日均10万亿的体量。在未来，相当比例的Token将由本土算力提供。同样在世界人工智能大会上，腾讯云高管参加分论坛时表示，为了将推理成本降低到极致，腾讯未来会大规模部署国产化算力。而且，腾讯此前投资了不少本土芯片企业。去年，联通曾披露一次79.6亿人民币的采购招标项目。这次采购是为了支撑中国联通“算网数智”业务。标包中包含8625台英特尔CPU服务器，其余则是30245台海光服务器和48150台鲲鹏服务器。国产算力服务器规模占比超九成。云天畅想已经在边缘侧为一些机器人提供推理所需的国产算力服务。不过徐公美观察，国产算力在用于大脑推理的时候，模型的效率不高；国产算力在满足机器人运动需求方面，已经磨合得比较好了。从世界人工智能大会现场来看，国内机器人的量产速度在加快。 “机器人对我们是重大利好，它一定是需要一个低时延的算力网络。”徐公美认为，未来机器人——不管是家庭玩具机器人，还是全尺寸机器人——都需要一张智能化的算力网络才能接住。

M | 在机器人每一次与人互动都消耗算力，一句提示词就可以生成10分钟视频的时代，算力调度变得越来越重要。这些计算如果100%发生在云端，那就太贵了。这时候就需要算力网络完成调度，将闲置而便宜的算力利用起来。智能体时代，也是国产算力机遇期。商汤科技联合创始人、大装置事业群总裁杨帆认为，未来5年，国产化替代绝不仅仅是GPU的替代，而是整个AI上游硬件生态体系的重构。

N | “很难说有什么不可突破的壁垒” 一家独角兽机器人公司，使用国产芯片时候遇到了波折。 “调试环节都跑通了，但是还没有批量使用，还在做一些优化。”这家公司创始人不久前向第一财经记者表示。国内芯片，相比英伟达主要差别在于生态。 “公司研发人员对你熟不熟悉，在这个芯片上开发东西方不方便，额外切换成本是多少？当然这也是国产替代不可避免的阶段。这不是完全不能干的事，而是额外投入多少资源，对业务的影响大不大的事。”这位创始人说。

o | 这位创始人所遇到的难题，也是机器人企业将英伟达切换到国产芯片普遍需要斟酌考虑的事情。 “切换到不同的芯片架构，必然需要投入更多人员做算法迁移和适配。”一家芯片企业CEO王浩对第一财经记者表示，有量化部署经验、熟悉端侧优化的团队，比如有智驾开发背景的团队，迁移起来就会快很多；如果之前只做算法原型、没有端侧量化经验的团队，上手成本会高一些。 “最终我们的做法是，向海外头部企业学习研发细节——芯片架构上哪些设计更优，软件工具链上哪些方案更成熟，我们都会吸收借鉴。但学习不只是停留在技术层面，最终还是要落脚到客户的真实需求上。” 王浩表示，机器人客户有问题都会直接反馈，公司也会一步步配合优化工具链和配套支持，跟着客户的节奏把适配工作做扎实。去年全球人形机器人出货量大约2万台，还处于量产的早期阶段。这意味着早期能给芯片企业提供的订单有限。 “机器人还在产业发展非常早期，但我们觉得会成长成一个非常大的行业。我们看具身行业的挑战，可能远大于我们在自动驾驶行业看到的挑战。机器人从成熟度上远不如自动驾驶行业，所以这里头可以做的事情非常多。